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MAIPA

Monoclonal Antibody-specific Immobilization of Platelet Antigen assay

The MAIPA Assay is a qualitative in vitro diagnostic medical device intended for professional laboratory use for the detection and identification of anti-platelet antibodies in serum and plasma samples and for detecting autoantibodies bound to platelets of the patient.

The assay is based on the MAIPA (Monoclonal Antibody-specific Immbilization of Platelet Antigen) technique, described by Kiefel et al can be used for screening serum or plasma for antiplatelet antibodies (indirect MAIPA or MAIPAI) and/or for testing for antibodies bound to the patient's platelets (direct MAIPA or MAIPAD). The antibodies present in serum or plasma may be alloantibodies and/or circulating autoantibodies.

Indication

Platelets play a special role in primary hemostasis. Various causes can influence the undisturbed function of primary hemostasis, especially situations with reduced platelet counts. Antibodies against platelets are responsible for some cases of thrombocytopenia and can also impair the effectiveness of platelet transfusions.

The test is used to support diagnosis in patients with suspected immunological platelet dysfunction such as FNAIT, PTP, PR, ITP.

• Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (FNAIT): Fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is an incompatibility between fetal platelet antigens inherited from the father and maternal platelet antigens.
• Post Transfusion Purpura (PTP): Post-transfusion purpura is a special form of immune thrombocytopenia that occurs several days after transfusion of cellular blood products (red blood cells, platelets). The platelet count can fall to very low levels (around 10,000 per µl), accompanied by bleeding symptoms (purpura)..
• Platelet Refratoriness (PR): Platelet refractoriness refers to the repeated failure to achieve the desired platelet concentration in a patient after a platelet transfusion.
• Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Immune thrombocytopenia, or ITP for short, refers to acquired thrombocytopenia caused by an autoimmune reaction against platelets and megakaryocytes. By definition, the platelet count is repeatedly below 100,000/µl.

Testprinzip

Please click here for a scheme of test principle

Literature

1. Monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA): a new tool for the identifica­tion of platelet-reactive antibodies. Kiefel V, Santoso S, Weisheit M, Müeller-Eckhardt C. Blood. 1987 Dec; 70(6):1722-6.
2. A modified rapid monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigen assay for the detec­tion of human platelet antigen (HPA) antibodies: a multicentre evaluation. Campbell K, Rishi K, Howkins G, Gilby D, Mushens R, Ghevaert C, Metcalfe P, Ouwehand WH, Lucas G. Vox Sang. 2007 Nov; 93(4):289-97.
3. Report on the 13th International Society of Blood Transfusion Platelet Immunology Workshop. Foxcroft Z, Campbell K, Mérieux Y, Urbaniak S, Brierley M, Rigal D, Ouwehand WH, Metcalfe P. Vox Sang. 2007 Nov; 93(4):300-5.
4. The detection of platelet antibodies by simultaneous analysis of specific platelet antibodies and the monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet. Nguyen XD, Goebel M, Schober M, Klüter H, Panzer S. Transfusion. 2010 Jul; 50(7):1429-34. Epub 2010 Apr 23.
5. Human platelet antigen frequencies of platelet donors in the French population determined by polymer­ase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Mérieux Y, Debost M, Bernaud J, Raffin A, Meyer F, Rigal D. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 1997 Nov; 45(9):697-700.
6. Srivastava A., Pearson H., Bryant J., Favaloro E., Coulits N., Jindra J., Wylie B. Acidified chloroquine treat­ment for the removal of Class I HLA antigens. Vox Sang 1993; 65: 146-150.